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as a poet he was spent at 25

  • 1 spent

    1.
    see academic.ru/69415/spend">spend
    2. adjective
    1) (used up) verbraucht
    2) (drained of energy) erschöpft; ausgelaugt

    a spent force(fig.) eine Kraft, die sich erschöpft hat

    * * *
    [spent]
    1) (used: a spent match.) verbraucht
    2) (exhausted: By the time we had done half of the job we were all spent.) erschöpft
    * * *
    [spent]
    I. pp, pt of spend
    II. adj
    1. (used up) match, cartridge verbraucht; bullets verschossen; creativity verbraucht, versiegt
    to be a \spent force ( fig) keine Zukunft mehr haben, sich totgelaufen haben
    after several defeats, people are saying the team is a \spent force nach mehreren Niederlagen heißt es nun, dass das Team am Ende ist
    is communism a \spent force? ist der Kommunismus passé? fam
    2. (tired) person ausgelaugt, SCHWEIZ a. ausgebrannt; (prematurely old) müde und verbraucht
    to feel \spent sich akk erschöpft fühlen
    3. (without inspiration)
    to be \spent poet, artist, musician keine Ideen mehr haben
    * * *
    [spent] pret, ptp of spend
    adj
    ammunition, cartridge, match verbraucht; bullets also verschossen; person erschöpft

    to be/look spent — erschöpft sein/aussehen

    as a poet he was spent at 25mit 25 war seine dichterische Schaffenskraft verbraucht

    to be a spent force — nichts mehr zu sagen haben; (movement) sich totgelaufen haben; (ideology) keine Zugkraft mehr haben

    they collapsed, their energy spent — ihre ganze Energie verbraucht, brachen sie zusammen

    he held her down until her fury was spenter hielt sie fest, bis ihre Wut erschöpft war

    * * *
    spent [spent]
    A prät und pperf von spend
    B adj
    1. matt, verausgabt, erschöpft, entkräftet:
    spent bullet matte Kugel;
    spent liquor TECH Ablauge f
    2. ausgegeben, verbraucht
    3. ZOOL (von Eiern oder Samen) entleert (Insekten, Fische):
    spent herring Hering m nach dem Laichen
    4. Kernphysik: ausgebrannt (Brennelement)
    * * *
    1. 2. adjective
    1) (used up) verbraucht
    2) (drained of energy) erschöpft; ausgelaugt

    a spent force(fig.) eine Kraft, die sich erschöpft hat

    * * *
    (time) adj.
    verbracht adj. adj.
    aufgewendet adj.
    ausgegeben adj.

    English-german dictionary > spent

  • 2 read

    ̈ɪri:d I
    1. гл.
    1) читать, прочитать Can you read French? ≈ Ты умеешь читать по-французски? It was sad to read of the death of the famous old actress. ≈ Было очень грустно узнать о смерти этой знаменитой старой актрисы. read to oneself
    2) понимать, разгадывать( что-л.), находить объяснение( чему-л.) read a riddle read the cards read smb.'s mind read smb.'s hand
    3) содержать( какой-л.) смысл, гласить a telegram reading as followsтелеграмма следующего содержания
    4) а) показывать( о приборе и т. п.) What does the speedometer read? ≈ Каковы показания спидометра? б) снимать показания( прибора), измерять( что-л.) to read an angleизмерить угол
    5) изучать to read history ≈ изучать историю ∙ read back read for read in read into read off read out read over read up read with read a lesson read between the lines read the time read the clock
    2. сущ. чтение;
    время, проведенное в чтении II прил. грамотный, знающий, начитанный, образованный, сведущий he is poorly read in history ≈ он слабо знает историю Syn: expert, versed( разговорное) чтение, время, проведенное за чтением - to enjoy a good * наслаждаться чтением интересной книги - to take a quick * at a book бегло просмотреть книгу - time for a long * время, чтобы всласть почитать( компьютерное) считывание (данных) (часто in) начитанный, сведущий (в какой-л. области), имеющий какую-л. подготовку - a widely * man широко образованный человек - to be well * in a subject иметь хорошую подготовку в какой-л. области прочитанный - to hear a * speech выслушать речь, которая читалась по тексту - the most * of all books книга, у которой больше всего читателей > to take as * утвердить без зачитывания;
    принимать на веру, считать само собой разумеющимся > the minutes were taken as * протокол предыдущего заседания был утвержден без его оглашения > we'll take this as * это так, и нечего об этом толковать читать - to * a book читать книгу - to * smth. out of /from/ a book вычитать что-л. в книге;
    процитировать что-л. из книги - to * to oneself читать про себя - * the letter to yourself прочтите письмо про себя - to * smth. over прочитать (с начала до конца) ;
    перечитывать - to * smth. over and over снова и снова перечитывать что-л. - to * smth. through прочитать от начала до конца;
    пробегать глазами (текст) - he read the letter through six times он прочитал все письмо шесть раз - to * through the contract просмотреть соглашение - to * of smb.'s death прочитать о чьей-л. смерти - to * aloud читать вслух - to * out /loud/ прочитать вслух - to * round the class (школьное) поочередно читать вслух (в классе) - he can * several languages он умеет читать на нескольких языках - to * oneself hoarse дочитаться до хрипоты - to * smb. to sleep усыпить кого-л. чтением - the boy has been read the story of Cinderella мальчику прочли сказку о Золушке - the invalid is read to for several hours daily больному каждый день читают вслух по нескольку часов - * "of" instead of "for" вместо "of" следует читать "for" - did he speak extempore or *? он говорил (без подготовки) или читал? - he does not * or write он не умеет не читать, ни писать - I have read somewhere that... я где-то прочел, что... - I have read of it я читал об этом читаться - the play *s better than it acts пьеса читается лучше, чем звучит со сцены - the book *s like a translation книга читается /воспринимается/ как перевод - the sentence *s oddly это предложение странно звучит - this doesn't * like a child's composition не похоже, чтобы это сочинение написал ребенок зачитывать (публично), оглашать - to * a report to the meeting огласить отчет на заседании;
    сделать доклад на собрании - read and approved заслушано и одобрено (о протоколе, плане и т. п.) - after the will had been read после оглашения завещания гласить - the document *s as follows документ гласит следующее - the paragraph *s to the effect that all men are equal в этом абзаце говорится /провозглашается/, что все люди равны - how does the sentence * now? как теперь звучит /сформулировано/ это предложение? - this ticket *s to Boston в билете сказано "до Бостона" - the passage *s thus in early manuscripts в ранних манускриптах это место читается так разбирать, расшифровывать;
    прочитать - to * hieroglyphs разбирать /расшифровывать/ иероглифы - to * the Morse system знать азбуку Морзе - to * a map читать карту - to * music at sight читать ноты с листа - to * a piece of music разобрать музыкальную пьесу - the first letter on the coin is so rubbed that I cannot * it первая буква на монете так стерлась, что я не могу разобрать ее - to * a signal( военное) (радиотехника) расшифровать сигнал - do you * me? как поняли? толковать, интерпретировать - (it is intended) to be read... это надо понимать в том смысле, что... - clause that may be read several ways статья, допускающая несколько толкований - my silence is not to be read as consent мое молчание не следует считать согласием толковаться, подаваться в той или иной интерпретации - the clause *s both ways статью можно понимать /толковать/ двояко (биология) "считывать" или декодировать генетическую информацию( компьютерное) считывать информацию( с носителя) показывать (о приборе и т. п.) - thermometer *s 33 degrees термометр показывает 33 градуса - what does the speedometer *? что на спидометре?;
    какая у нас сейчас скорость? снимать, считывать ( показания прибора) - to * a thermometer снимать показания термометра - to * smb.'s blood pressure измерять кому-л. кровяное давление - to * an angle (топография) измерять угол изучать (какой-л. предмет), заниматься( какой-л. отраслью знания) - to * law изучать право - to * for the law учиться на юридическом факультете - you must * harder next term вам надо больше заниматься в будущем семестре (for) готовиться( к экзамену и т. п.) - he spent three years *ing for a degree in history он потратил три года на подготовку к получению степени по истории (парламентское) обсуждать и утверждать (законопроект) - the bill was read the first time законопроект был принят в первом чтении разгадывать (загадку) - to * a riddle разгадать загадку - to * dreams толковать /разгадывать/ сны - to * an omen истолковать примету - to * men's hearts читать в людских сердцах - to * the signs of the times угадывать знамения времени - you (can) * a person's character in his face по лицу можно определить характер человека предсказывать( судьбу, будущее) - to * smb.'s fortune предсказывать чью-л. судьбу;
    гадать кому-л. - to * futurity /the future/ предсказывать будущее - to * smb.'s hand /smb.'s palm/ гадать кому-л. по руке - to * the cards гадать на картах - to * the sky предсказывать судьбу по звездам;
    составлять гороскоп;
    предсказывать погоду;
    составлять прогноз погоды (полиграфия) держать( корректуру) ;
    вычитывать( текст) - to * proofs читать /держать, править/ корректуру to read smth. into smth. вкладывать особый смысл во что-л.;
    по-своему интерпретировать, толковать что-л. - to * a compliment into what was intended as a rebuke истолковать как комплимент то, что было задумано как упрек - to * into a sentence what is not there видеть в предложении то, чего в нем нет;
    произвольно вносить в предложение свой смысл - you are *ing more into what I said than was intended вы вкладываете в мои слова больше, чем я имел в виду - you read too much into the text вы вычитали из текста то, чего в нем нет - we sometimes * our own thoughts into a poet's words мы иногда склонны видеть в словах поэта то, что сами думаем - to read smb. out of smth. исключить кого-л. (из организации и т. п.;
    первоначально путем зачитывания решения об исключении) - to be read out of smth. быть исключенным, изгнанным откуда-л., быть отлученным от чего-л. - to read oneself into smth. вчитываться во что-л. - to * oneself into a langauge овладеть языком путем чтения - to read smth. into the record( парламентское) заносить что-л. в протокол, приобщать что-л. к протоколу > to * smb. sa lesson /a lecture/ прочитать кому-л. нотацию, сделать внушение > to * between the lines читать между строк > you wouldn't * about it (австралийское) (разговорное) вы представить себе не можете, что это такое (выражает недоверие или отвращение) amount ~ is less than size in header вчт. объем считанных данных меньше указанного взаголовке backward ~ вчт. чтение в обратном направлении to ~ a piece of music муз. разобрать пьесу;
    the bill was read парл. законопроект был представлен на обсуждение check ~ вчт. котнтрольное считывание concurrent ~ вчт. параллельное чтение destructive ~ вчт. считывание с разрушением exclusive ~ вчт. монопольное чтение ~ чтение;
    время, проведенное в чтении;
    to have a quiet read почитать в тишине ~ в сочетаниях) начитанный, сведущий, знающий, образованный;
    he is poorly read in history он слабо знает историю ~ изучать;
    he is reading law он изучает право;
    to read for the Bar готовиться к адвокатуре;
    read off разг. объяснять, выражать his face doesn't ~ off его лицо ничего не выражает;
    read out исключать из организации;
    read up специально изучать;
    to read up for examinations готовиться к экзаменам it is intended to be ~... это надо понимать в том смысле, что..., to read one's thoughts into a poet's words вкладывать собственный смысл в слова поэта ~ толковать;
    объяснять;
    my silence is not to be read as consent мое молчание не следует принимать за согласие nondestructive ~ вчт. считывание без разрушения ~ гласить;
    the passage quoted reads as follows в цитате говорится ~ with заниматься (с кем-л.) ;
    to read (smb.) a lesson сделать выговор, внушение ( кому-л.) to ~ a piece of music муз. разобрать пьесу;
    the bill was read парл. законопроект был представлен на обсуждение to ~ a riddle разгадать загадку;
    to read the cards гадать на картах ~ (~) читать;
    to read aloud, to read out (loud) читать вслух;
    to read (smb.) to sleep усыплять( кого-л.) чтением ~ as follows гласит следующее ~ снимать показания (прибора и т. п.) ;
    to read the electric meter снимать показания электрического счетчика;
    to read (smb.'s) blood pressure измерять кровяное давление ~ изучать;
    he is reading law он изучает право;
    to read for the Bar готовиться к адвокатуре;
    read off разг. объяснять, выражать to ~ (smb.'s) mind (или thoughts) читать чужие мысли;
    to read (smb.'s) hand (или palm) гадать по руке ~ изучать;
    he is reading law он изучает право;
    to read for the Bar готовиться к адвокатуре;
    read off разг. объяснять, выражать it is intended to be ~... это надо понимать в том смысле, что..., to read one's thoughts into a poet's words вкладывать собственный смысл в слова поэта to ~ oneself hoarse (stupid) дочитаться до хрипоты (одурения) ;
    to read to oneself читать про себя ~ (~) читать;
    to read aloud, to read out (loud) читать вслух;
    to read (smb.) to sleep усыплять (кого-л.) чтением his face doesn't ~ off его лицо ничего не выражает;
    read out исключать из организации;
    read up специально изучать;
    to read up for examinations готовиться к экзаменам to ~ a riddle разгадать загадку;
    to read the cards гадать на картах ~ снимать показания (прибора и т. п.) ;
    to read the electric meter снимать показания электрического счетчика;
    to read (smb.'s) blood pressure измерять кровяное давление to ~ between the lines читать между строк;
    to read the time (или the clock) уметь определять время по часам( о ребенке) to ~ oneself hoarse (stupid) дочитаться до хрипоты (одурения) ;
    to read to oneself читать про себя ~ (~) читать;
    to read aloud, to read out (loud) читать вслух;
    to read (smb.) to sleep усыплять (кого-л.) чтением his face doesn't ~ off его лицо ничего не выражает;
    read out исключать из организации;
    read up специально изучать;
    to read up for examinations готовиться к экзаменам his face doesn't ~ off его лицо ничего не выражает;
    read out исключать из организации;
    read up специально изучать;
    to read up for examinations готовиться к экзаменам ~ with заниматься (с кем-л.) ;
    to read (smb.) a lesson сделать выговор, внушение (кому-л.) the ~s вчт. прочитанное ~ показывать (о приборе и т. п.) ;
    the thermometer reads three degrees above freezing-point термометр показывает три градуса выше нуля

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > read

  • 3 all

    1. attributive adjective
    1) (entire extent or quantity of) ganz

    all dayden ganzen Tag

    all my money — all mein Geld; mein ganzes Geld

    stop all this noise/shouting! — hör mit dem Krach/Geschrei auf!

    2) (entire number of) alle

    all my books — all[e] meine Bücher

    where are all the glasses?wo sind all die Gläser?

    All Fools' Day — der 1. April

    3) (any whatever) jeglicher/jegliche/jegliches
    4) (greatest possible)

    in all innocencein aller Unschuld

    with all speedso schnell wie möglich

    2. noun

    one and all — [alle] ohne Ausnahme

    the happiest/most beautiful of all — der/die Glücklichste/die Schönste unter allen

    most of allam meisten

    he ran fastest of aller lief am schnellsten

    2) (every bit)

    all of it/the money — alles/das ganze od. alles Geld

    3)

    all of (coll.): (as much as) be all of seven feet tall — gut sieben Fuß groß sein

    4) (all things) alles

    all is not lostes ist nicht alles verloren

    most of allam meisten

    it was all but impossiblees war fast unmöglich

    all in allalles in allem

    it's all the same or all one to me — es ist mir ganz egal od. völlig gleichgültig

    you are not disturbing me at alldu störst mich nicht im geringsten

    nothing at allgar nichts

    not at all happy/well — überhaupt nicht glücklich/gesund

    not at all! — überhaupt nicht!; (acknowledging thanks) gern geschehen!; nichts zu danken!

    two [goals] all — zwei zu zwei; (Tennis)

    3. adverb

    all the better/worse [for that] — um so besser/schlimmer

    I feel all the better for itdas hat mir wirklich gut getan

    all at once(suddenly) plötzlich; (simultaneously) alle[s] zugleich

    be all for something(coll.) sehr für etwas sein

    be all in(exhausted) total od. völlig erledigt sein (ugs.)

    go all out [to do something] — alles daransetzen[, etwas zu tun]

    be all ready [to go] — (coll.) fertig [zum Weggehen] sein (ugs.)

    something is all rightetwas ist in Ordnung; (tolerable) etwas ist ganz gut

    work out all right — gut gehen; klappen (ugs.)

    that's her, all right — das ist sie, ganz recht

    yes, all right — ja, gut

    it's all right by or with me — das ist mir recht

    lie all round the roomüberall im Zimmer herumliegen

    I don't think he's all there(coll.) ich glaube, er ist nicht ganz da (ugs.)

    * * *
    [o:l] 1. adjective, pronoun
    1) (the whole (of): He ate all the cake; He has spent all of his money.) ganz
    2) (every one (of a group) when taken together: They were all present; All men are equal.) alle
    2. adverb
    1) (entirely: all alone; dressed all in white.) ganz
    2) ((with the) much; even: Your low pay is all the more reason to find a new job; I feel all the better for a shower.) um so
    - academic.ru/94374/all-clear">all-clear
    - all-out
    - all-round
    - all-rounder
    - all-terrain vehicle
    - all along
    - all at once
    - all in
    - all in all
    - all over
    - all right
    - in all
    * * *
    [ɒ:l, AM also ɑ:l]
    I. adj attr, inv
    1. + pl n (the whole number of, every one of) alle
    are those \all the documents you can find? sind das alle Papiere, die du finden kannst?
    \all my glasses are broken alle meine [o meine ganzen] Gläser sind kaputt, meine Gläser sind alle [o fam allesamt] kaputt
    \all children should have a right to education alle Kinder sollten ein Recht auf Bildung haben
    \all her children go to public school alle ihre Kinder besuchen eine Privatschule, ihre Kinder besuchen alle [o fam allesamt] ein Privatschule
    20% of \all items sold had been reduced 20 % aller verkauften Artikel waren reduziert
    \all six [of the] men are electricians alle sechs [Männer] sind Elektriker
    I had to use \all my powers of persuasion ich musste meine ganze Überzeugungskraft aufbieten
    I've locked myself out — of \all the stupid things to do! ich habe mich ausgeschlossen! — wie kann man nur so blöd sein!
    on \all fours auf allen vieren
    from \all directions aus allen Richtungen
    \all the people alle [Leute]
    why did the take him, of \all people? warum haben sie ausgerechnet ihn genommen?
    \all the others alle anderen
    2. + sing n (the whole of) der/die/das ganze...
    they lost \all their money sie haben ihr ganzes Geld verloren
    \all day [long] den ganzen Tag [lang]
    \all her life ihr ganzes Leben
    for \all the money trotz des ganzen Geldes
    \all the time die ganze Zeit
    he was unemployed for \all that time er war all die Zeit [o die ganze Zeit über] [o während der ganzen Zeit] arbeitslos
    \all the way den ganzen [weiten] Weg
    \all week/year die ganze Woche/das ganze Jahr
    3. + sing n (every type of) jede(r, s)
    \all wood should be treated jedes Holz sollte [o alle Holzarten sollten] behandelt werden
    with \all haste [or speed] [or dispatch] ( form) so schnell wie möglich
    in \all honesty [or sincerity] ganz ehrlich
    with \all due respect,... bei allem Respekt,..., mit Verlaub,... geh
    with \all speed so schnell wie möglich
    in \all probability aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach
    5. (any whatever) jegliche(r, s)
    she denied \all knowledge of the matter sie stritt ab, irgendetwas über die Sache zu wissen
    beyond \all doubt jenseits allen Zweifels
    6.
    for \all trotz + gen
    for \all her money she is not happy trotz ihres ganzen Geldes ist sie nicht glücklich
    \all good things must come to an end ( prov) alles hat ein Ende
    ... and \all that jazz [or (pej!) rubbish]... und das ganze Zeug pej fam
    not as... as \all that:
    he's not as rich as \all that so reich ist er nun auch wieder nicht
    II. pron
    1. (the total, everybody, every one) alle
    the best-looking of \all der Bestaussehende von allen
    we saw \all of them wir haben [sie] alle gesehen
    \all of them [or they \all] liked the film der Film hat ihnen allen [o allen von ihnen] gefallen
    the house has four bedrooms, \all with balconies das Haus hat vier Schlafzimmer, alle mit Balkon
    her last novel was [the] best of \all ihr letzter Roman war der beste von allen
    \all but one of the pupils came to the outing bis auf einen Schüler nahmen alle am Ausflug teil
    \all and sundry jedermann, Gott und die Welt
    one and \all alle
    let's sing now one and \all! lasst uns jetzt alle zusammen singen!
    \all but... alle außer..., bis auf...
    2. (everything) alles
    it was \all very strange es war alles sehr seltsam
    \all is not lost yet noch ist nicht alles verloren
    tell me \all about it erzähl mir alles darüber
    he's eaten \all of it [or eaten it \all] er hat alles aufgegessen
    have you drunk \all of the milk? hast du die ganze Milch getrunken?
    first of \all zuerst; (most importantly) vor allem
    most of \all am meisten
    there are many professions which interest him, but most of \all, he'd like to be a zookeeper viele Berufe interessieren ihn, aber am liebsten wäre er Zoowärter
    \all in one alles in einem
    a corkscrew and bottle-opener \all in one ein Korkenzieher und Flaschenöffner in einem
    to give [or put] one's \all alles [o sein Letztes] geben
    and \all ( fam) und all dem
    what with the fog and \all, I'd really not drive tonight ( fam) bei dem Nebel und so möchte ich heute Nacht wirklich nicht fahren fam
    3. + relative clause (the only thing) alles
    it was \all that he had es war alles, was er hatte
    it's \all [that] I can do for you mehr kann ich nicht für dich tun
    \all I want is to be left alone ich will nur in Ruhe gelassen werden
    the remark was so silly, it was \all she could do not to laugh die Bemerkung war so dumm, dass sie sich sehr zusammenreißen musste, um nicht zu lachen
    \all [that] it takes is a little bit of luck man braucht nur etwas Glück
    that's \all I need right now ( iron) das hat mir jetzt gerade noch gefehlt pej
    for \all...:
    for \all I care,.... von mir aus...
    for \all I know,... (as far as I know) soviel [o soweit] ich weiß...; (I don't know) was weiß ich,...
    are the married? — for \all I know they could be sind sie verheiratet? — was weiß ich, schon möglich!
    where is she? — for \all I know she could be on holidays wo ist sie? — was weiß ich, vielleicht [ist sie] im Urlaub!
    4. (for emphasis)
    at \all überhaupt
    do you ever travel to the States at \all? fährst du überhaupt je in die Staaten?
    if at \all wenn überhaupt
    nothing [or not anything] at \all überhaupt nichts
    not at \all überhaupt nicht
    thanks very much for your help — not at \all, it was a pleasure vielen Dank für Ihre Hilfe — keine Ursache [o nichts zu danken], es war mir ein Vergnügen
    5.
    and \all ( fam: as well) auch
    I'm coldyeah, me and \all mir ist kalt — ja, mir auch
    get one for me and \all bring mir auch einen
    \all for one, and one for \all ( saying) alle für einen, einer für alle
    in \all insgesamt
    that's £20 in \all das macht alles zusammen 20 Pfund
    \all in \all alles in allem
    \all of... (at least) mindestens...; (as much as) gut...; (as little as) ganze...
    it's going to cost \all of a million dollars das kostet mindestens eine Million Dollar
    the book has sold \all of 200/400,000 copies von dem Buch sind ganze 200/gut 400.000 Exemplare verkauft worden
    to be \all one to sb jdm egal [o gleich] sein
    \all told insgesamt
    they tried a dozen times \all told sie versuchten es insgesamt ein Dutzend Mal
    \all's well that ends well ( prov) Ende gut, alles gut prov
    III. adv inv
    1. (entirely) ganz, völlig
    it's \all about money these days heutzutage geht es nur ums Geld
    she's been \all round the world sie war schon überall auf der Welt
    to be \all in favour of sth ganz [o völlig] begeistert von etw dat sein
    \all in green ganz in Grün
    to be \all in one piece heil [o unbeschädigt] sein
    to be \all of a piece with sth mit etw dat völlig übereinstimmen
    to spill sth \all over the place/floor etw überall/über den gesamten Boden verschütten
    the baby got food \all over its bib das Baby hatte sich sein ganzes Lätzchen vollgekleckert
    to be \all over the place [or BRIT shop] ( fam) überall sein
    to be not \all that happy nicht gerade glücklich sein
    \all alone ganz allein
    \all along die ganze Zeit
    she's been fooling us \all along sie hat uns die ganze Zeit getäuscht
    to be \all over aus und vorbei sein
    to be \all for doing sth ganz dafür sein, etw zu tun
    my son is \all for spending the summer on the beach mein Sohn will den Sommer unbedingt am Strand verbringen
    the newspaper was \all advertisements die Zeitung bestand fast nur aus Anzeigen
    I was \all the family she ever had ich war die einzige Familie, die sie je hatte
    he was \all smiles er strahlte über das ganze Gesicht
    he's \all talk [or ( fam) mouth] er ist nur ein Schwätzer pej, er schwingt nur große Worte
    to be \all charm seinen ganzen Charme spielenlassen
    to be \all ears ganz Ohr sein
    to be \all eyes gespannt zusehen
    to be \all a flutter ganz aus dem Häuschen sein fam
    to be \all silk/wool aus reiner Seide/Wolle sein
    3.
    \all the... (even) umso...; (much) viel...
    \all the better [for that]! umso besser!
    now that he's a star he'll be \all the more difficult to work with jetzt wo er ein Star ist, wird die Zusammenarbeit mit ihm umso schwieriger sein
    I feel \all the better for your visit seit du da bist, geht es mir schon viel besser
    4. (for emphasis) äußerst, ausgesprochen
    she was \all excited sie war ganz aufgeregt
    now don't get \all upset about it nun reg dich doch nicht so [furchtbar] darüber auf
    your proposal is \all very well in theory, but... in der Theorie ist dein Vorschlag ja schön und gut, aber...
    \all too... nur zu...
    I'm \all too aware of the problems die Probleme sind mir nur zu gegenwärtig
    the end of the holiday came \all too soon der Urlaub war nur viel zu schnell zu Ende
    5. SPORT (to both sides)
    the score is three \all es steht drei zu drei [unentschieden] [o drei beide
    6.
    to not do sth \all that well (not really) etw nicht gerade toll tun fam
    she doesn't sing \all that well sie kann nicht besonders toll singen fam
    to not be \all that... (not as much as thought) so... nun auch wieder nicht sein
    he's not \all that important so wichtig ist er nun auch wieder nicht
    7. (nearly)
    \all but fast
    the party was \all but over when we arrived die Party war schon fast vorbei, als wir ankamen
    it was \all but impossible to read his writing es war nahezu unmöglich, seine Handschrift zu entziffern
    8.
    to go \all out for sth alles für etw akk tun
    \all in (exhausted)
    he felt \all in er war völlig erledigt; BRIT (including everything) alles inklusive
    the holiday cost £600 \all in alles inklusive hat der Urlaub hat 600 Pfund gekostet
    to be \all over sb ( pej: excessively enthusiastic) sich akk [geradezu] auf jdn stürzen; ( fam: harass) jdn total anmachen fam, über jdn herfallen ÖSTERR fam
    that's sb \all over das sieht jdm ähnlich
    he invited me out for dinner and then discovered he didn't have any money — that's Bill \all over! er lud mich ein, mit ihm auswärts zu essen, und merkte dann, dass er kein Geld bei sich hatte — typisch Bill!
    to be \all over the place [or BRIT shop] ( fam: badly organised) [völlig] chaotisch sein; (confused) völlig von der Rolle [o ÖSTERR daneben] sein fam
    \all round [or around] AM (in every way) rundum; (for each person) für alle
    that was a success/good performance \all round das war ein voller Erfolg/eine rundum gelungene Vorstellung
    he bought drinks \all round er gab eine Runde Getränke aus
    to be not \all there ( fam) nicht ganz richtig [im Kopf] sein fam, nicht alle Tassen im Schrank haben fig fam
    to be \all up with sb ( fam)
    it looks as though it's \all up with us now es sieht so aus, als seien wir nun endgültig am Ende fam
    * * *
    [ɔːl]
    1. ADJECTIVE
    with nouns plural alle; (singular) ganze(r, s), alle(r, s)When alle is used to translate all the it is not followed by the German article.

    all the problems have been solvedalle or sämtliche Probleme wurden gelöst

    all the tobacco —

    all the milk all the fruit — die ganze Milch, alle Milch das ganze Obst, alles Obst

    all day ( long) — den ganzen Tag (lang)

    all my books/friends — alle meine Bücher/Freunde, meine ganzen Bücher/Freunde

    they all came —

    I invited them allich habe sie alle eingeladen Note that it all is usually translated by alles alone:

    he took/spent it all — er hat alles genommen/ausgegeben

    it all happened so quickly — alles geschah so schnell, es geschah alles so schnell

    he's seen/done it all — für ihn gibt es nichts Neues mehr, ihn kann nichts mehr erschüttern (inf)

    what's all this/that about? — was soll das Ganze?

    what's all this/that? — was ist denn das?; (annoyed) was soll denn das!

    2. PRONOUN
    1) = everything alles

    I'm just curious, that's all — ich bin nur neugierig, das ist alles

    that's all he said — das ist alles, was er gesagt hat, mehr hat er nicht gesagt

    that is all (that) I can tell you — mehr kann ich Ihnen nicht sagen

    it was all I could do not to laughich musste an mich halten, um nicht zu lachen

    all of Paris/of the house — ganz Paris/das ganze Haus

    all of 5 kms/£5 —

    2) = everybody alle pl

    all who knew him — alle, die ihn kannten

    the score was two alles stand zwei zu zwei

    3. ADVERB
    (= quite, entirely) ganz

    dressed all in white, all dressed in white — ganz in Weiß (gekleidet)

    all dirty/excited etc — ganz schmutzig/aufgeregt etc

    an all wool carpet — ein reinwollener Teppich, ein Teppich aus reiner Wolle

    he ordered whiskies/drinks all round —

    4. NOUN
    __diams; one's all alles

    he staked his all on this race/deal — er setzte alles auf dieses Rennen/Unternehmen

    5. SET STRUCTURES
    __diams; all along (= from the start) von Anfang an, die ganze Zeit (über)

    I feared that all along — das habe ich von Anfang an befürchtet, das habe ich schon die ganze Zeit (über) befürchtet

    he all but died —

    the party won all but six of the seats — die Partei hat alle außer sechs Sitzen or alle bis auf sechs Sitze gewonnen

    I'm all for it!ich bin ganz dafür __diams; all found insgesamt, alles in allem __diams; all in ( inf

    to be or feel all intotal erledigt sein (inf) __diams; all in all alles in allem

    all the hotter/prettier/happier etc — noch heißer/hübscher/glücklicher etc

    all the funnier because... — umso lustiger, weil...

    or vacation (US) — jetzt, wo ich Urlaub gemacht habe, gehts mir viel besser

    all the more so since... —

    all the same, it's a pity — trotzdem ist es schade

    it's all the same to me —

    he's all there/not all there — er ist voll da/nicht ganz da (inf) __diams; all too + adjective/adverb

    all too soon/quickly — viel zu or allzu früh/schnell

    he ate the orange, peel and all — er hat die ganze Orange gegessen, samt der Schale

    the whole family came, children and all — die Familie kam mit Kind und Kegel

    did/didn't you say anything at all? — haben Sie überhaupt etwas gesagt/gar or überhaupt nichts gesagt?

    I'm not at all sure, I'm not sure at all — ich bin mir ganz und gar nicht sicher, ich bin gar nicht ganz sicher

    I'm not at all angry etc, I'm not angry etc at all — ich bin überhaupt nicht wütend etc, ich bin ganz und gar nicht wütend etc

    for all that — trotz allem, trotzdem

    for all I know she could be ill —

    is he in Paris? – for all I know he could be — ist er in Paris? – schon möglich, was weiß ich!

    ten people in allinsgesamt zehn Personen __diams; all that ( US inf ) einfach super (inf)

    it's not all that bad, it's not as bad as all that — so schlimm ist es nun auch wieder nicht

    happiest/earliest/clearest etc of all —

    I like him best of allvon allen mag ich ihn am liebsten

    most of all —

    most of all I'd like to be... — am liebsten wäre ich...

    the best car of alldas allerbeste Auto __diams; to be all things to all men (person) sich mit jedem gutstellen; (thing, invention, new software etc) das Ideale sein

    a party which claims to be all things to all men — eine Partei, die behauptet, allen etwas zu bieten __diams; you all ( US inf ) ihr (alle); (to two people) ihr (beide)

    * * *
    all [ɔːl]
    A adj
    1. all, sämtlich, gesamt, vollständig, ganz:
    all one’s courage seinen ganzen Mut;
    all mistakes alle oder sämtliche Fehler;
    all my friends alle meine Freunde;
    all night (long) die ganze Nacht (hindurch);
    all (the) day, all day long den ganzen Tag, den lieben langen Tag;
    all day and every day tagelang; tagaus, tagein;
    open all day ganztägig geöffnet;
    a) die ganze Zeit (über),
    b) ständig, immer;
    at all times zu jeder Zeit, jederzeit;
    all the town die ganze Stadt, jedermann; day 6
    2. jeder, jede, jedes, alle pl:
    at all hours zu jeder Stunde;
    beyond all question ohne Frage, fraglos;
    in all respects in jeder Hinsicht;
    deny all responsibility jede Verantwortung ablehnen; sundry
    3. vollkommen, völlig, total, ganz, rein:
    all nonsense reiner Unsinn;
    all wool US reine Wolle; leg Bes Redew
    B adv
    1. ganz (u. gar), gänzlich, völlig:
    all alone ganz allein;
    all the um so …;
    all the better um so besser;
    she was all gratitude sie war voll(er) Dankbarkeit;
    she is all kindness sie ist die Güte selber;
    all one einerlei, gleichgültig;
    he is all for it er ist unbedingt dafür;
    all important äußerst wichtig, entscheidend;
    all mad völlig verrückt;
    all wrong ganz falsch; same C
    2. für jede Seite, beide:
    the score was two all das Spiel stand zwei zu zwei
    3. poet gerade, eben
    C pron alles:
    all of it alles, das Ganze;
    all of us wir alle;
    good night, all gute Nacht allerseits!;
    all of a year ein ganzes Jahr;
    it took me all of two days ich brauchte zwei volle oder ganze zwei Tage ( to do zu tun);
    that’s all das ist oder wäre alles;
    that’s all there is to it das ist die ganze Geschichte;
    all or nothing alles oder nichts;
    it’s all or nothing for es geht um alles oder nichts für;
    it all began die ganze Sache begann;
    and all that und dergleichen;
    when all is said and done letzten Endes, schließlich; end B 1
    D s
    1. alles:
    a) sein Hab und Gut,
    b) auch his all and all sein Ein und Alles
    2. oft All PHIL (Welt)All nBesondere Redewendungen: all along die ganze Zeit (über);
    a) rund(her)um, ringsumher,
    b) überall,
    c) durch die Bank umg, durchweg all in alles inklusive;
    be ( oder feel) all in umg total fertig oder erledigt sein;
    all in all alles in allem;
    his wife is all in all to him seine Frau bedeutet ihm alles;
    all out umg
    a) total fertig oder erledigt,
    b) auf dem Holzweg (im Irrtum),
    c) mit aller Macht ( for sth auf etwas aus), mit restlosem Einsatz,
    d) vollständig ( all-out) go all out umg
    a) alles daransetzen, aufs Ganze gehen,
    b) besonders SPORT das Letzte aus sich herausholen all over
    a) umg ganz und gar,
    b) überall,
    c) überallhin, in ganz England etc herum, im ganzen Haus etc herum,
    d) auch all over one’s body am ganzen Körper, überall that is Doug all over das ist ganz oder typisch Doug, das sieht Doug ähnlich;
    news from all over Nachrichten von überall her;
    be all over sb umg an jemandem einen Narren gefressen haben;
    a) ganz recht oder richtig,
    b) schon gut,
    c) in Ordnung (auch Person), engS. unbeschädigt,
    d) na schön!,
    e) umg mit Sicherheit, ohne Zweifel,
    f) erlaubt I’m all right bei mir ist alles in Ornung;
    he’s all right ihm ist nichts passiert;
    I’m all right, Jack umg Hauptsache, mir geht’s gut;
    a) geeignet sein oder passen für,
    b) annehmbar sein für it’s all right for you to laugh du hast gut lachen;
    I’m all right for money umg bei mir stimmt die Kasse;
    are you all right in that chair? sitzt du gut in dem Sessel?;
    is it all right if I’ …? darf ich …?;
    it’s all right with ( oder by) me von mir aus, ich habe nichts dagegen;
    he arrived all right er ist gut angekommen;
    a) rund(her)um, ringsumher,
    b) überall,
    c) durch die Bank umg, durchweg taken all round umg alles in allem;
    all there gewitzt, gescheit, auf Draht umg;
    he is not all there er ist nicht ganz bei Trost;
    all up umg total fertig oder erledigt;
    it’s all up with him mit ihm ists aus;
    he of all people came ausgerechnet er kam;
    * * *
    1. attributive adjective

    all my money — all mein Geld; mein ganzes Geld

    stop all this noise/shouting! — hör mit dem Krach/Geschrei auf!

    all my books — all[e] meine Bücher

    All Fools' Day — der 1. April

    3) (any whatever) jeglicher/jegliche/jegliches
    2. noun

    one and all — [alle] ohne Ausnahme

    the happiest/most beautiful of all — der/die Glücklichste/die Schönste unter allen

    all of it/the money — alles/das ganze od. alles Geld

    3)

    all of (coll.): (as much as) be all of seven feet tall — gut sieben Fuß groß sein

    4) (all things) alles

    it's all the same or all one to me — es ist mir ganz egal od. völlig gleichgültig

    not at all happy/well — überhaupt nicht glücklich/gesund

    not at all! — überhaupt nicht!; (acknowledging thanks) gern geschehen!; nichts zu danken!

    two [goals] all — zwei zu zwei; (Tennis)

    3. adverb

    all the better/worse [for that] — um so besser/schlimmer

    all at once (suddenly) plötzlich; (simultaneously) alle[s] zugleich

    be all for something(coll.) sehr für etwas sein

    be all in (exhausted) total od. völlig erledigt sein (ugs.)

    go all out [to do something] — alles daransetzen[, etwas zu tun]

    be all ready [to go] — (coll.) fertig [zum Weggehen] sein (ugs.)

    something is all right — etwas ist in Ordnung; (tolerable) etwas ist ganz gut

    work out all right — gut gehen; klappen (ugs.)

    that's her, all right — das ist sie, ganz recht

    yes, all right — ja, gut

    it's all right by or with me — das ist mir recht

    I don't think he's all there(coll.) ich glaube, er ist nicht ganz da (ugs.)

    * * *
    adj.
    all adj.
    ganz adj.
    jeder adj.
    sämtlich adj.

    English-german dictionary > all

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 summer

    (the warmest season of the year: I went to Italy last summer; (also adjective) summer holidays.) verano
    - summer camp
    - summerhouse
    - summertime

    summer n verano
    tr['sʌməSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (gen) verano
    1 (gen) de verano; (summery) veraniego,-a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    summer camp colonia de vacaciones
    summer school curso de verano
    summer time horario de verano
    summer ['sʌmər] n
    : verano m
    adj.
    de verano adj.
    estival adj.
    estivo, -a adj.
    veraniego, -a adj.
    verano, -a adj.
    n.
    estío s.m.
    verano s.m.
    viga maestra s.f.
    v.
    veranear v.

    I 'sʌmər, 'sʌmə(r)
    noun verano m, estío m (liter)

    we spent the summer in Francepasamos el verano or veraneamos en Francia

    a summer's day — un día de verano; (before n) <weather, clothes, vacation> de verano

    summer camp — ( in US) colonia f de vacaciones


    II
    intransitive verb \<\<people\>\> pasar el verano, veranear; \<\<cattle/birds\>\> pasar el verano

    ••
    Cultural note:
    En EEUU, una de las miles de colonias de vacaciones en el campo, donde los padres, durante las vacaciones de verano, envían a sus hijos a participar en actividades recreativas y deportivas, tales como la natación, el senderismo o técnicas de supervivencia a la intemperie
    ['sʌmǝ(r)]
    1.
    N verano m, estío m liter, poet

    to spend the summer in Spain — veranear en España, pasar el verano en España

    2.
    VI [birds] pasar el verano

    we summered in Maineveraneamos or pasamos el verano en Maine

    3.
    CPD [clothing, residence, holiday] de verano; [weather, heat] veraniego

    summer camp Ncolonia f or campamento m de vacaciones

    summer holidays NPLvacaciones fpl de verano, veraneo msing

    summer job Ntrabajo m de verano

    summer school Nescuela f de verano

    summer season Ntemporada f veraniega, temporada f estival, temporada f de verano

    summer time N(Brit) (daylight saving) hora f de verano

    summertime
    * * *

    I ['sʌmər, 'sʌmə(r)]
    noun verano m, estío m (liter)

    we spent the summer in Francepasamos el verano or veraneamos en Francia

    a summer's day — un día de verano; (before n) <weather, clothes, vacation> de verano

    summer camp — ( in US) colonia f de vacaciones


    II
    intransitive verb \<\<people\>\> pasar el verano, veranear; \<\<cattle/birds\>\> pasar el verano

    ••
    Cultural note:
    En EEUU, una de las miles de colonias de vacaciones en el campo, donde los padres, durante las vacaciones de verano, envían a sus hijos a participar en actividades recreativas y deportivas, tales como la natación, el senderismo o técnicas de supervivencia a la intemperie

    English-spanish dictionary > summer

  • 6 water

    1. noun
    1) Wasser, das

    be under water — [Straße, Sportplatz usw.:] unter Wasser stehen

    the island across or over the water — die Insel drüben

    send/carry something by water — etwas auf dem Wasserweg versenden/befördern

    be in deep water(fig.) in großen Schwierigkeiten sein

    get [oneself] into deep water — (fig.) sich in große Schwierigkeiten bringen

    on the water(in boat etc.) auf dem Wasser

    pour or throw cold water on something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) einen Dämpfer aufsetzen

    water under the bridge or over the dam — (fig.) Schnee von gestern (fig.)

    2) in pl. (part of the sea etc.) Gewässer Pl.
    3) in pl. (mineral water at spa etc.) Heilquelle, die; Brunnen, der

    take or drink the waters — eine Brunnenkur machen

    4)
    2. transitive verb
    1) bewässern [Land]; wässern [Pflanzen]

    water the flowers — die Blumen [be]gießen

    2) (adulterate) verwässern [Wein, Bier usw.]
    3) [Fluss:] bewässern [Land]
    4) (give drink of water to) tränken [Tier, Vieh]
    3. intransitive verb
    1) [Augen:] tränen
    2)

    my mouth was watering as... — mir lief das Wasser im Munde zusammen, als...

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/93651/water_down">water down
    * * *
    ['wo:tə] 1. noun
    (a colourless, transparent liquid compound of hydrogen and oxygen, having no taste or smell, which turns to steam when boiled and to ice when frozen: She drank two glasses of water; `Are you going swimming in the sea?' `No, the water's too cold'; Each bedroom in the hotel is supplied with hot and cold running water; ( also adjective) The plumber had to turn off the water supply in order to repair the pipe; transport by land and water.) das Wasser, Wasser-...
    2. verb
    1) (to supply with water: He watered the plants.) bewässern
    2) ((of the mouth) to produce saliva: His mouth watered at the sight of all the food.) wässern
    3) ((of the eyes) to fill with tears: The dense smoke made his eyes water.) tränen
    - waters
    - watery
    - wateriness
    - waterborne
    - water-closet
    - water-colour
    - watercress
    - waterfall
    - waterfowl
    - waterfront
    - waterhole
    - watering-can
    - water level
    - waterlily
    - waterlogged
    - water main
    - water-melon
    - waterproof
    3. noun
    (a coat made of waterproof material: She was wearing a waterproof.) der Regenmantel
    4. verb
    (to make (material) waterproof.) imprägnieren
    - watershed
    - water-skiing
    - water-ski
    - watertight
    - water vapour
    - waterway
    - waterwheel
    - waterworks
    - hold water
    - into deep water
    - in deep water
    - water down
    * * *
    wa·ter
    [ˈwɔ:təʳ, AM ˈwɑ:t̬ɚ]
    I. n
    1. no pl (colourless liquid) Wasser nt
    a bottle/a drink/a glass of \water eine Flasche/ein Schluck m/ein Glas nt Wasser
    bottled \water in Flaschen abgefülltes Wasser
    \water for domestic use Haushaltsbrauchwasser nt
    \water for firefighting Löschwasser nt
    hot and cold running \water fließendes kaltes und warmes Wasser
    to make \water (urinate) Wasser lassen; (leak) lecken, Wasser machen
    to pass \water Wasser lassen
    by \water auf dem Wasserweg
    under \water unter Wasser
    2. (area of water)
    \waters pl Gewässer pl
    the \waters of the Rhine die Wasser pl [o liter Fluten pl] des Rheins
    British/South African \water Britische/Südafrikanische Gewässer
    coastal \waters Küstengewässer pl
    murky \waters ( dated or fig) trübe Gewässer fig
    uncharted \waters ( fig) unbekannte Gewässer fig
    3. ( dated)
    \waters pl (spa water) Heilquelle f
    to take the \waters ( hist) eine Brunnenkur machen
    4. (tide level) Wasserstand m
    high \water Hochwasser nt
    low \water Niedrigwasser nt
    high \water mark Hochwassermarke f
    low \water mark Niedrigwassermarke f
    5. MED
    \water on the brain Wasserkopf m
    \water on the knee Kniegelenkerguss m
    the \waters pl das Fruchtwasser
    at around three o'clock her \waters broke gegen drei Uhr ist bei ihr die Fruchtblase geplatzt
    7.
    blood is thicker than \water ( prov) Blut ist dicker als Wasser
    to be \water under the bridge Schnee von gestern sein fam
    come hell or high \water komme was [da] wolle, unter allen Umständen
    to be in deep \water in großen Schwierigkeiten sein
    to be [like] \water off a duck's back an jdm einfach abprallen, jdn völlig kaltlassen fam
    of the first \water (extremely good) von höchster Qualität nach n; (extremely bad) der schlimmsten Sorte nach n
    like a fish out of \water wie ein Fisch auf dem Trocknen
    to get into hot \water in Teufels Küche kommen
    to go through fire and \water for sb/sth für jdn/etw durchs Feuer gehen
    through hell and high \water durch dick und dünn
    to hold \water argument stichhaltig [o wasserdicht] sein
    to keep one's head above \water sich akk über Wasser halten
    to pour oil on troubled \waters Öl auf die Wogen gießen, die Gemüter beruhigen
    to pour cold \water on sth etw dat einen Dämpfer aufsetzen fam
    stop pouring cold \water on all my ideas! hör auf, mir alle meine Ideen madigzumachen!
    to spend money like \water das Geld mit beiden Händen ausgeben, mit dem Geld nur so um sich akk werfen
    still \waters run deep ( fig) stille Wasser sind tief prov
    to take to sth like a duck to \water sich akk bei etw dat gleich in seinem Element fühlen
    you can take a horse to \water but you can't make it drink ( prov) man kann niemanden zu seinem Glück zwingen
    to throw out the baby with the bath \water das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten
    II. vt
    to \water sth etw bewässern; farm animals etw tränken; garden etw sprengen; flowers, plants etw gießen
    III. vi
    2. (salivate) mouth wässern geh
    ooh, the smell of that bread is making my mouth \water! mmh, das Brot riecht so gut, da läuft einem ja das Wasser im Mund zusammen!
    * * *
    ['wɔːtə(r)]
    1. n
    1) Wasser nt

    the field is under ( two feet of) water — das Feld steht (zwei Fuß) unter Wasser

    that excuse/argument etc won't hold water (inf) — diese Entschuldigung/dieses Argument etc ist nicht hieb- und stichfest (inf)

    2)

    (of sea, of lake etc) by water — auf dem Wasserweg, zu Wasser (geh)

    the waters ( Bibl liter ) —, liter ) die Wasser pl

    3) (= urine) Wasser nt
    4)

    (at spa) the waters — die Heilquelle

    to drink or take the waters — eine Kur machen; (drinking only) eine Trinkkur machen

    5) (MED)
    6)

    (= toilet water) rose etc water — Rosenwasser nt etc

    7)

    (fig phrases) to keep one's head above water — sich über Wasser halten

    to get ( oneself) into deep water(s) —

    a lot of water has flowed under the bridge since thenseitdem ist so viel Wasser den Berg or den Bach hinuntergeflossen

    to be in/get into hot water (inf)in Schwierigkeiten or in (des) Teufels Küche (inf) sein/geraten (over wegen +gen )

    he's in hot water with his father (inf)er hat Zoff mit seinem Vater (inf)

    2. vt
    1) garden, lawn, roads sprengen; land, field bewässern; plant (be)gießen
    2) horses, cattle tränken
    3) wine verwässern, verdünnen
    4)
    3. vi
    1) (mouth) wässern; (eye) tränen
    2) (animals) trinken
    * * *
    water [ˈwɔːtə(r)]
    A v/t
    1. bewässern, den Rasen, eine Straße etc sprengen, Pflanzen etc (be)gießen
    2. Vieh tränken
    3. mit Wasser versorgen:
    water ship B 2
    4. oft water down verwässern:
    a) verdünnen, Wein panschen
    b) fig abschwächen, mildern
    c) fig mundgerecht machen:
    a watered-down liberalism ein verwässerter Liberalismus;
    watering-down policy Verwässerungspolitik f;
    he watered his lecture er zog seinen Vortrag in die Länge
    5. WIRTSCH Aktienkapital verwässern
    6. TECH
    a) wässern, einweichen, befeuchten
    b) Töpferei, Malerei: Ton, Farbe einsumpfen
    c) Kalk einmachen
    d) Flachs rösten
    e) Stoff wässern, moirieren
    f) Stahl damaszieren
    B v/i
    1. wässern (Mund), tränen (Augen):
    the news made his eyes water bei der Nachricht begannen seine Augen zu tränen;
    his mouth watered das Wasser lief ihm im Mund zusammen;
    make sb’s mouth water jemandem den Mund wässerig machen (a. fig);
    the sight made my mouth water bei dem Anblick lief mir das Wasser im Mund zusammen
    2. SCHIFF Wasser einnehmen
    3. Wasser trinken (Vieh)
    4. FLUG wassern
    C s
    1. Wasser n:
    be (as) weak as water
    a) auch feel (as) weak as water sich sehr schwach fühlen
    b) ganz schwach sein, pej wie Wasser schmecken (Getränk)
    c) keinerlei Willenskraft haben
    d) äußerst schwach sein (Argument etc);
    be under water unter Wasser stehen;
    a) Wasser des Vergessens, Vergessen n,
    b) Tod m
    2. meist pl Mineralwasser n, Brunnen m, Wasser n (einer Heilquelle):
    drink ( oder take) the waters eine Trinkkur machen (at in dat)
    3. Wasser n, Gewässer n:
    in Chinese waters in chinesischen Gewässern;
    (by land and) by water (zu Lande und) zu Wasser, auf dem (Land- und) Wasserweg;
    a) auf dem Meer, zur See,
    b) zu Schiff;
    be on the water verschifft werden;
    the waters pl poet das Meer, die See
    4. meist pl Flut f, Fluten pl, Wasser n oder pl
    5. Wasserstand m: high water, low water
    6. Wasserspiegel m:
    above (below) (the) water über (unter) Wasser oder dem Wasserspiegel
    7. (Toiletten) Wasser n
    8. CHEM Wasserlösung f
    9. MED, PHYSIOL
    a) Wasser n, Sekret n (z. B. Speichel, Schweiß, Urin):
    pass ( oder make) water Wasser lassen;
    the sight brought the water to my mouth bei dem Anblick lief mir das Wasser im Mund zusammen;
    water on the brain Wasserkopf m;
    water on the knee Kniegelenkerguss m
    b) meist pl Fruchtwasser n
    10. TECH Wasser n (reiner Glanz eines Edelsteins):
    of the first water reinsten Wassers (a. fig);
    a scoundrel of the first water fig ein Erzhalunke
    11. TECH
    a) Wasser(glanz) n(m), Moiré n (von Stoffen)
    b) Damaszierung f (von Stahl)Besondere Redewendungen: hold water fig stichhaltig sein;
    pour ( oder throw) cold water on fig einer Sache einen Dämpfer aufsetzen, wie eine kalte Dusche wirken auf (akk);
    the wine flowed like water der Wein floss in Strömen;
    spend money like water mit dem Geld nur so um sich werfen;
    make ( oder take) water SCHIFF Wasser machen, leck sein (Schiff);
    make the water SCHIFF vom Stapel laufen;
    still waters run deep (Sprichwort) stille Wasser sind tief; bread Bes Redew, bridge1 A 1, deep A 1, fish A 1, head Bes Redew, hot A 13, low water, oil A 1, write A 2
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Wasser, das

    be under water[Straße, Sportplatz usw.:] unter Wasser stehen

    the island across or over the water — die Insel drüben

    send/carry something by water — etwas auf dem Wasserweg versenden/befördern

    be in deep water(fig.) in großen Schwierigkeiten sein

    get [oneself] into deep water — (fig.) sich in große Schwierigkeiten bringen

    on the water(in boat etc.) auf dem Wasser

    pour or throw cold water on something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) einen Dämpfer aufsetzen

    water under the bridge or over the dam — (fig.) Schnee von gestern (fig.)

    2) in pl. (part of the sea etc.) Gewässer Pl.
    3) in pl. (mineral water at spa etc.) Heilquelle, die; Brunnen, der

    take or drink the waters — eine Brunnenkur machen

    4)
    2. transitive verb
    1) bewässern [Land]; wässern [Pflanzen]

    water the flowers — die Blumen [be]gießen

    2) (adulterate) verwässern [Wein, Bier usw.]
    3) [Fluss:] bewässern [Land]
    4) (give drink of water to) tränken [Tier, Vieh]
    3. intransitive verb
    1) [Augen:] tränen
    2)

    my mouth was watering as... — mir lief das Wasser im Munde zusammen, als...

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    begießen v.
    bewässern v. n.
    Wasser - n.

    English-german dictionary > water

  • 7 read

    1. [ri:d] n
    1. разг. чтение; время, проведённое за чтением

    time for a long read - время, чтобы всласть почитать

    2. вчт. считывание ( данных)
    2. [red] a
    1. ( часто in) начитанный, сведущий (в какой-л. области), имеющий какую-л. подготовку

    to be well [deeply, slightly, little] read in a subject - иметь хорошую [глубокую, некоторую, слабую] подготовку в какой-л. области

    2. прочитанный

    to hear a read speech - выслушать речь, которая читалась по тексту

    the most read of all books - книга, у которой больше всего читателей

    to take as read - а) утвердить без зачитывания; the minutes were taken as read - протокол предыдущего заседания был утверждён без его оглашения; б) принимать на веру, считать само собой разумеющимся

    we'll take this as read - ≅ это так, и нечего об этом толковать

    3. [ri:d] v (read [red])
    I
    1. 1) читать

    to read a book [a letter, Shakespeare] - читать книгу [письмо, Шекспира]

    to read smth. out of /from/ a book - а) вычитать что-л. в книге; б) процитировать что-л. из книги

    to read smth. over - а) прочитать (с начала до конца); б) перечитывать

    to read smth. over and over - снова и снова перечитывать что-л.

    to read smth. through - а) прочитать от начала до конца; he read the letter through six times - он прочитал всё письмо шесть раз; б) пробегать глазами ( текст)

    to read of smb.'s death [about a disaster] - прочитать о чьей-л. смерти [о катастрофе]

    to read round the class - школ. поочерёдно читать вслух ( в классе)

    to read oneself hoarse [stupid] - дочитаться до хрипоты [до одурения]

    to read smb. [oneself] to sleep - усыпить кого-л. [себя] чтением

    the boy has been read the story of Cinderella - мальчику прочли сказку о Золушке

    the invalid is read to for several hours daily - больному каждый день читают вслух по нескольку часов

    read❝of❞ instead of ❝for❞ - вместо of следует читать for

    did he speak extempore or read? - он говорил (без подготовки) или читал?

    I have read somewhere that... - я где-то прочёл, что...

    2) читаться

    the play reads better than it acts - пьеса читается лучше, чем звучит со сцены

    the book reads like a translation - книга читается /воспринимается/ как перевод

    this doesn't read like a child's composition - не похоже, чтобы это сочинение написал ребёнок

    2. зачитывать ( публично), оглашать

    to read a report to the meeting - а) огласить отчёт на заседании; б) сделать доклад на собрании

    read and approved - заслушано и одобрено (о протоколе, плане и т. п.)

    3. гласить

    the paragraph reads to the effect that all men are equal - в этом абзаце говорится /провозглашается/, что все люди равны

    how does the sentence read now? - как теперь звучит /сформулировано/ это предложение?

    this ticket reads to Boston - в билете сказано «до Бостона»

    the passage reads thus in early manuscripts - в ранних манускриптах это место читается так

    4. разбирать, расшифровывать; прочитать

    to read hieroglyphs [shorthand] - разбирать /расшифровывать/ иероглифы [стенограмму]

    the first letter on the coin is so rubbed that I cannot read it - первая буква на монете так стёрлась, что я не могу разобрать её

    to read a signal - воен., радио расшифровать сигнал

    do you read me? - как поняли?

    5. 1) толковать, интерпретировать

    (it is intended) to be read... - это надо понимать в том смысле, что...

    clause that may be read several ways - статья, допускающая несколько толкований

    my silence is not to be read as consent - моё молчание не следует считать согласием

    2) толковаться, подаваться в той или иной интерпретации

    the clause reads both ways - статью можно понимать /толковать/ двояко

    6. биол. «считывать» или декодировать генетическую информацию
    7. вчт. считывать информацию ( с носителя)
    II А
    1. 1) показывать (о приборе и т. п.)

    what does the speedometer read? - что на спидометре?; какая у нас сейчас скорость?

    2) снимать, считывать ( показания прибора)

    to read a thermometer [a barometer, an electric meter] - снимать показания термометра [барометра, электросчётчика]

    to read smb.'s blood pressure - измерять кому-л. кровяное давление

    to read an angle - топ. измерять угол

    2. 1) изучать (какой-л. предмет), заниматься (какой-л. отраслью знания)

    to read law [physics] - изучать право [физику]

    you must read harder next term - вам надо больше заниматься в будущем семестре

    2) (for) готовиться (к экзамену и т. п.)

    he spent three years reading for a degree in history - он потратил три года на подготовку к получению степени по истории

    3. парл. обсуждать и утверждать ( законопроект)

    the bill was read the first [the third] time - законопроект был принят в первом [в третьем] чтении [ср. reading 1 9]

    4. 1) разгадывать ( загадку)

    to read dreams - толковать /разгадывать/ сны

    to read men's hearts [men's thoughts] - читать в людских сердцах [чьи-л. мысли]

    you (can) read a person's character in his face - по лицу можно определить характер человека

    2) предсказывать (судьбу, будущее)

    to read smb.'s fortune - предсказывать чью-л. судьбу; гадать кому-л.

    to read futurity /the future/ - предсказывать будущее

    to read smb.'s hand /smb.'s palm/ - гадать кому-л. по руке

    to read the sky - а) предсказывать судьбу по звёздам; составлять гороскоп; б) предсказывать погоду; составлять прогноз погоды

    5. полигр. держать ( корректуру); вычитывать ( текст)

    to read proofs - читать /держать, править/ корректуру

    II Б
    1. to read smth. into smth. вкладывать особый смысл во что-л.; по-своему интерпретировать, толковать что-л.

    to read a compliment into what was intended as a rebuke - истолковать как комплимент то, что было задумано как упрёк

    to read into a sentence what is not there - видеть в предложении то, чего в нём нет, произвольно вносить в предложение свой смысл

    you are reading more into what I said than was intended - вы вкладываете в мои слова больше, чем я имел в виду

    you read too much into the text - вы вычитали из текста то, чего в нём нет

    we sometimes read our own thoughts into a poet's words - мы иногда склонны видеть в словах поэта то, что сами думаем

    2. 1) to read smb. out of smth. исключить кого-л. (из организации и т. п.; первоначально путём зачитывания решения об исключении)
    2) to be read out of smth. быть исключённым, изгнанным откуда-л., быть отлучённым от чего-л.
    3. to read oneself into smth. вчитываться во что-л.
    4. to read smth. into the record парл. заносить что-л. в протокол, приобщать что-л. к протоколу

    to read smb. a lesson /a lecture/ - прочитать кому-л. нотацию, сделать внушение

    you wouldn't read about it - австрал. разг. вы представить себе не можете, что это такое ( выражает недоверие или отвращение)

    НБАРС > read

  • 8 better

    I.
    better n parieur/-ieuse m/f.
    II.
    When better is used as an adjective it is translated by meilleur or mieux depending on the context (see below, and note that meilleur is the comparative form of bon, mieux the comparative form of bien). The choice between meilleur and mieux in the construction to be better than depends on whether bon or bien would be used originally with the noun. Other constructions translate as follows: this is a better bag/car = ce sac/cette voiture est mieux ; it is better to do = il vaut mieux faire or il est mieux de faire. As an adverb, better can almost always be translated by mieux. For more examples and particular usages, see the entry below.
    A n
    1 (something preferable, more excellent) the better le/la meilleur/-e m/f ; much ou by far the better of the two de loin le/la meilleur/-e des deux ;
    2 ( more desirable state of affairs) to deserve/expect/hope for better mériter/attendre/espérer mieux ; so much the better, all the better tant mieux ; a change ou turn for the better une amélioration ; to change ou take a turn for the better s'améliorer ; the weather changed, and not for the better le temps a changé, et pas en mieux ;
    3 ( superior person) one's betters ses supérieurs mfpl.
    1 (more pleasing, satisfactory) [weather, day, news, joke, forecast, review, salary, price, range] meilleur ; [party, game, book, film, activity] mieux ; playing is better than watching jouer, c'est mieux que de regarder ; to get better s'améliorer ; the weather is no better le temps n'est pas meilleur or ne s'est pas amélioré ; things are getting better ça va mieux ; ‘good news?’-‘it couldn't be better!’ ‘bonnes nouvelles?’-‘on ne peut meilleures!’ ; to look/sound better être/sonner mieux ; to taste/smell better être/sentir meilleur, avoir un/-e meilleur/-e goût/odeur ; it would taste all the better for some salt ce serait meilleur avec du sel ; it looked all the better for it cela n'en était que mieux ; that's better! voilà qui est mieux! ;
    2 (well, recovered) to be better [patient, cold, headache] aller mieux ; to feel all the better for se sentir mieux après [rest, meal] ; better than I/it was mieux qu'avant ;
    3 ( happier) [mood] meilleur ; to feel better se sentir mieux ; I'd feel better if you did/didn't do je me sentirais mieux si tu faisais/ne faisais pas ; if it makes you feel any better ( less worried or awkward) si ça t'aide à te sentir mieux ; ( less sad) si ça peut te consoler ; to feel better about doing ( less nervous) se sentir à même de faire ; (less worried, guilty) avoir moins de scrupules à faire ;
    4 (of superior quality, class) [food, result, film, book, quality] meilleur ; [car, carpet, district, family] mieux ; [land, school, hotel] meilleur, mieux ; [coat, shoes, furniture] de meilleure qualité ; one of the better schools une des meilleures écoles ; he went to a better school than I did ou than me il est allé dans une école meilleure que la mienne ;
    5 (more virtuous, commendable) [person] mieux ; [life, influence, nature] meilleur ; to be a better man/woman than être mieux que ; you're a better man than I am! tu es mieux que moi! ; to be no better than sb ne pas être mieux que qn ; to be no better than a thief être un voleur ni plus ni moins ;
    6 ( more skilled) [doctor, actor, teacher] meilleur ; to be a better poet than sb être meilleur poète que qn ; to be a better swimmer than sb nager mieux que qn ; to be a better singer than dancer chanter mieux que l'on ne danse ; to be a better father than husband être meilleur père que mari ; to be better at être meilleur en [subject, sport] ; to be better at doing faire mieux ; he's no better at driving than she is ou than her il ne conduit pas mieux qu'elle ;
    7 (more suitable, valid, appropriate) [tune, tool, way, word, idea, example, reason, excuse, choice] meilleur ; to be better for être meilleur pour [purpose, task] ; to be better for doing être mieux pour faire ; to be better than nothing être mieux que rien ; better a part-time job than no job mieux vaut un travail à mi-temps que pas de travail ; the bigger/sooner the better le plus grand/vite possible ; the faster you work the better plus tu travailles vite, mieux ça vaudra ; the less said about that the better mieux vaut ne pas parler de ça ; who better to play the part? qui mieux pourrait jouer le rôle? ; where/how better to do…? quel meilleur endroit/moyen pour faire…? ;
    8 ( more beneficial) [exercise, food] meilleur ; swimming is better for you than running nager est meilleur pour la santé que courir ;
    9 ( more accurate) [description, recollection, view, understanding] meilleur ; in order to get a better look pour mieux voir ; to be a better likeness être plus ressemblant.
    1 ( more adequately or excellently) mieux ; to fit/behave better than aller/se comporter mieux que ; better made/organized than mieux fait/organisé que ; to think better of sb avoir une meilleure opinion de qn ; better behaved/educated plus sage/cultivé ; to be better tempered/mannered avoir meilleur caractère/de meilleures manières ; to do better (in career, life) réussir mieux ; (in exam, essay) faire mieux ; ( in health) aller mieux ; ‘could do better’ ‘pourrait or peut mieux faire’ ; the better to see/hear pour mieux voir/entendre ; the more she talked, the better I understood plus elle parlait, mieux je comprenais ;
    2 ( more advisably or appropriately) mieux ; it couldn't have been better timed ça n'aurait pu mieux tomber ; the money would be better spent on il vaudrait mieux dépenser l'argent en ; he is better left alone il vaut mieux le laisser seul ; you would be better advised to do tu serais mieux avisé de faire ; you would do better to do tu ferais mieux de faire ; you had better do, you'd better do ( advising) tu ferais mieux de faire ; ( warning) tu as intérêt à faire ; I'd better go je ferais mieux de m'en aller ; ‘will she come?’-‘she'd better! ou she better !’ ‘est-ce qu'elle viendra?’-‘elle a intérêt!’ ; ‘will it be open?’-‘it had better be! ou it better had be! ou it better be !’ ‘est-ce que ça sera ouvert?’-‘il y a intérêt!’ ; ‘more cake?’-‘I'd better not’ ‘encore du gâteau?’-‘non merci’ ; ‘shall I come?’-‘better not’ ‘est-ce que je viens?’-‘il vaut mieux pas’ ; better still,… ou mieux,…
    D vtr
    1 ( surpass) améliorer [score, one's performance, achievement] ; faire mieux que [rival's performance, achievement] ; to better sb's offer offrir un meilleur prix que qn ;
    2 ( improve) améliorer [condition, quality].
    E v refl to better oneself améliorer sa condition.
    for better (or) for worse gen advienne que pourra ; ( in wedding vow) pour le meilleur et pour le pire ; to get the better of [person] triompher de, vaincre [enemy, opponent, problem] ; his curiosity got the better of him sa curiosité a pris le dessus ; the problem got the better of her le problème l'a dépassée ; to go one better faire encore mieux (than que) ; to think better of it changer d'avis.

    Big English-French dictionary > better

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